Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpesvirus group, most commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis. In the acute phase of the disease, EBV can cause severe symptoms such as high fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue, which significantly reduce the quality of life.
Effective treatment at this stage is important not only for alleviating symptoms but also for preventing complications and the progression of the infection into a chronic form. This article discusses approaches to symptomatic treatment of the acute phase of EBV infection, as well as other herpesvirus infections, taking into account their characteristics and factors influencing the success of therapy.
Here you can read the first article about EBV: EBV and Autoimmune Reactions: The Truth About Epstein–Barr Virus.
What are herpesviruses?
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) — viruses that cause herpes, which can manifest on the lips or genital area. When the immune system is weakened, the virus can cause recurrences. It is important to note that herpes infection during pregnancy can pose a risk to the fetus.
- Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) — after the primary infection with chickenpox, the virus remains in the body and can later reactivate, causing shingles. Chickenpox during pregnancy can be dangerous for the fetus, leading to serious complications such as congenital anomalies. Shingles is more common in individuals over 50 years old but can also appear in younger people with a weakened immune system.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) — an opportunistic virus that can actively develop in people with a weakened immune system. If contracted during pregnancy, CMV can cause severe developmental defects in the fetus, such as hearing loss, developmental delay, and other nervous system issues. Chronic CMV infection can also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases through molecular mimicry mechanisms and continuous activation of the immune system.
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) — the primary causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, also associated with a range of chronic diseases such as lymphoma and other cancers. The virus can remain active in the body for an extended period, causing chronic fatigue and other symptoms. This virus can also lead to the development of autoimmune and chronic diseases.
- Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) — in children, this virus causes roseola, characterized by high fever and a rash. In adults, HHV-6 may be associated with chronic conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome and autoimmune disorders. It can also disrupt nervous system function.
Despite their differences, all of these viruses share one common feature — the ability to establish latent infections in the body, and when reactivated, they can cause various diseases. Therefore, when treating symptoms, it is important to consider both the general and specific characteristics of each virus.
What You Need to Know About EBV
Although herpesviruses share similar mechanisms, EBV has several unique features that require special attention during treatment:
- Vitamin D: EBV can interfere with the function of vitamin D by blocking its receptor, preventing its activation, and reducing absorption in the intestines. Since vitamin D plays a key role in supporting the immune system, the virus specifically weakens its protective mechanisms by disrupting the normal function of this vitamin.
- Zinc: EBV blocks zinc transport, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system, especially for synthesizing substances needed to fight viruses.
- Vitamin A (Retinol): EBV also disrupts the absorption of vitamin A, which is important for maintaining the integrity of mucous membranes that prevent the entry of viruses. Additionally, vitamin A is necessary for the function of B-lymphocytes, which are primarily affected by the virus.
- Temperature Regulation (Fever): EBV can bypass the immune system’s mechanisms for regulating body temperature, preventing the development of fever. Fever is a natural response of the body aimed at destroying viruses, and its absence can slow down the recovery process. In the acute phase of the infection, high fever is a characteristic symptom, but in chronic and latent forms, fever is often absent. Visiting a sauna can help raise body temperature and assist in combating the viral infection when the fever does not naturally increase.
- Emotional Stress: Stress causes an increase in cortisol levels, which suppresses the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to EBV reactivation. Stress management becomes an important factor in maintaining virus remission.
- Other Triggers: EBV can be reactivated by toxins, pollutants, certain medications (such as steroids or contraceptives), infections (like the common cold, flu, or COVID-19), and other factors that weaken the immune system and contribute to virus reactivation.
These factors are crucial for the symptomatic treatment of EBV, as well as for all herpesviruses in general, as they can trigger the virus and worsen the patient’s condition.
Other Herpesviruses
As for the other herpesviruses, each has its own characteristics and various mechanisms of action on the immune system and other aspects of health. Here’s additional information regarding the remaining viruses in this group, which may be useful in the treatment process:
- Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) / Shingles: Recent studies have shown that vitamin B12 deficiency, as well as stress, can contribute to the reactivation of the herpes zoster virus (Shingles). VZV usually remains latent in the ganglia, but when the immune system is weakened or there is a deficiency of vitamin B12, it can exit its latent phase and trigger an outbreak of painful rashes.
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV1/HSV2): During primary infection, HSV can cause acute symptoms (such as cold sores or genital herpes), but the virus then transitions into a latent form in the nerve ganglia. However, in individuals with chronic stress or a deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C or zinc, the virus may reactivate, leading to recurrent outbreaks.
- Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6): Chronic HHV-6 infection is often seen in patients with weakened immune systems and may not transition into a latent form. Some studies suggest that a deficiency in B vitamins, as well as stress, can exacerbate symptoms during active infection.
Symptomatic Treatment Strategies for Herpesvirus Infections
After discussing the characteristics of herpesviruses, it is important to focus on approaches to symptomatic treatment that can help support the immune system in combating the viruses and accelerate recovery. Here are several key strategies that can have a significant impact on restoring health:
- Rest and Sleep – These are crucial components for recovery. Lack of sleep weakens the immune system, while proper rest allows the body to focus its resources on fighting the infection. It is recommended to sleep 7–9 hours per night, ideally falling asleep before 11 PM to allow the immune system to function optimally. Creating conditions for good sleep (dark, cool room and avoiding gadgets before bed) also aids in effective recovery.
- Hydration – Maintaining hydration helps the body fight infections, flush out toxins, reduce viral load, and support normal cell function.
- Gargling and nasal irrigation — help reduce symptoms such as sore throat and nasal congestion during infections. Gargling with a salt solution can relieve pain and inflammation, while nasal irrigation with saline helps clear the nasal passages of viruses and bacteria, improving breathing.
- Proper Nutrition During Viral Infection – A diet rich in vegetables, fruits, fibre, and antioxidants helps support the immune system and reduce inflammation. It is important to avoid excessive sugar intake, as it can weaken the immune system, promote inflammation, and serve as a food source for pathogens. Dairy products can be beneficial, but for some individuals, they may contribute to increased inflammation or digestive issues, so it is important to monitor the body’s response.
- Stress Reduction – Chronic stress suppresses the immune system through increased cortisol levels, which can slow down recovery and promote the reactivation of latent viruses. Meditation, deep breathing, and relaxation practices can help reduce stress levels, improve immune function and speed up recovery.
- Physical Activity – Moderate physical activities (such as walking, yoga, and swimming) help improve circulation, normalize stress levels, and support the optimal functioning of the immune system. However, excessive physical exertion, especially when symptoms such as chronic fatigue are present, can weaken the body, so balance is important.
- Antipyretics and Pain Relievers – Using fever-reducing, pain-relieving, and antiviral medications as prescribed by a doctor can alleviate symptoms such as fever, headaches, and sore throat. It is important to note that aspirin is not recommended for any viral infection, as it can increase the risk of Reye’s syndrome — a rare but serious condition that causes liver and brain damage in children and adolescents.
- Immune System Support – The use of probiotics and herbal supplements (e.g., adaptogens) can accelerate recovery by supporting the immune system.
Herbal Remedies That Can Be Helpful
| Herb | For which viruses it is used | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) | Particularly useful for chronic infections like Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), aiding recovery after prolonged infections. | Immunomodulatory, enhances the body’s adaptation and resistance to chronic viral infections. Adaptogen. |
| Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) | Especially effective for acute infections caused by EBV and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. | Powerful antiviral, helps suppress herpesvirus activity and stimulates the immune response. |
| Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) | Suppresses replication of herpesviruses, including EBV, CMV, and HSV 1 and 2. | Antiviral and anti-inflammatory, help alleviate symptoms of infections but should be used with caution in long-term therapy. Adaptogen. |
| Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) | Suitable for treating infections caused by herpesviruses, including EBV, during the acute phase. Not suitable for prolonged use. | Stimulates the immune system, helps reduce viral activity, and accelerates recovery. |
| Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) | Effective for acute infections associated with influenza and the common cold, may also suppress herpesvirus activity (EBV). | The direct antiviral effect, helps block viruses from entering cells, and stimulates cytokine production. |
| Olive Leaf Extract (Olea europaea) | Useful in infections caused by EBV, CMV, and HSV 1 and 2. | Suppresses herpesvirus replication, and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. |
Herbs and herbal supplements can interact with other medications, altering their effects, increasing side effects, or reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to consult with a doctor before starting any herbs or supplements, especially if you are already taking medications for chronic conditions.
Secondary Infections in Viral Diseases and the Importance of Timely Specialist Consultation
Viral infections, such as those caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and other herpes viruses, can weaken the body’s defence mechanisms, increasing the risk of secondary bacterial infections. These infections require special attention and timely consultation with a specialist for the addition of necessary therapies.
Against the backdrop of an active viral infection, bacterial tonsillitis or other complications may develop. Secondary infections often manifest a few days after the onset of a viral illness, when the immune system is weakened and unable to effectively fight additional pathogens.
It is very important to see a doctor again 3–4 days after a rise in temperature (assuming you sought help immediately after the temperature increased) or if there is a deterioration in your condition. At this stage, the specialist can assess whether the illness is viral or if a bacterial infection has developed. If a bacterial infection is confirmed, the doctor may adjust the treatment by prescribing antibiotics or other necessary medications.
Conclusion
Herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), can cause both acute and chronic illnesses, requiring an individualized approach to treatment. Key aspects of therapy include supporting the immune system and addressing factors that promote viral activation. This includes ensuring adequate rest, managing stress, maintaining proper nutrition, staying hydrated, and using herbal remedies to support the immune system and suppress viral activity. Additionally, it is essential to consult a doctor in a timely manner if the condition worsens, to identify the presence of secondary bacterial infections and adjust the treatment if necessary.